Submodule
Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance
Water, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and acid-base status are linked. Changes in one compartment can alter medications and organ function elsewhere.
- Volume status and tonicity
- Sodium, potassium, and magnesium relationships
- Calcium, phosphorus, and albumin
- Anion gap and acid-base interpretation
Submodule
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Nutrition support requires a route, energy and protein goals, fluid and electrolyte planning, administration safety, and ongoing monitoring.
- Enteral route selection and tolerance
- Parenteral macronutrients and electrolytes
- Access, compatibility, and infusion safety
- Glucose, triglyceride, liver, electrolyte, and refeeding monitoring
Submodule
Cholinergic Pharmacology
Cholinergic drugs alter muscarinic or nicotinic signaling directly or change acetylcholine breakdown.
- Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
- Direct agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
- Antimuscarinic agents
- Cholinergic and anticholinergic toxicity patterns
Submodule
Adrenergic Pharmacology
Adrenergic receptors coordinate vascular tone, heart rate, contractility, bronchodilation, and metabolic responses.
- Alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors
- Direct and indirect sympathomimetics
- Alpha and beta blockade
- Selectivity, dose, and patient-specific response
Submodule
Hypertension, Diuretics, and Glaucoma
Blood pressure and intraocular pressure can both be changed by altering fluid movement, autonomic tone, and local production or outflow pathways.
- Blood-pressure assessment and treatment goals
- Diuretic sites along the nephron
- RAAS, calcium-channel, and adrenergic therapy
- Aqueous humor production and outflow
Module test
Check the connections.
Answer one question from each submodule. Submit the full set to reveal the reasoning.